The Middle East Legal Framework

Chapter | Legal Framework from The Report: Bahrain 2020

Recent years have seen the promulgation of various laws to position Bahrain as a competitive regional jurisdiction. This chapter reviews these new laws, including Bahrain’s new Law for the Encouragement and Protection of Competition, which came into effect on February 1, 2019. The first dedicated Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL) came into force on August 1, 2019. Prior to the implementation...

Bahrain pioneered oil production in the Middle East beginning in the 1930s, establishing the region’s initial framework for the petroleum industry. Some 90 years later oil and gas operations comprise 18% of GDP, with the economy well diversified to host established financial services and industrial sectors, as well as unique tourism offerings.

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In what ways can the legal framework be improved to attract higher levels of foreign investment?

 

While it is common knowledge that laws in the Middle East include restrictions on foreign parties doing business that do not apply to citizens, progress has been made in recent years to facilitate foreign investment and participation in businesses in the region. Kuwait was a pioneer in this regard, with the promulgation of the Foreign Direct...

Chapter | Legal Framework from The Report: Kuwait 2022

While it is common knowledge that laws in the Middle East include restrictions on foreign parties doing business that do not apply to citizens, progress has been made in recent years to facilitate foreign investment and participation in businesses in the region. Kuwait was a pioneer in this regard, with the promulgation of the Foreign Direct Investment Law in 2014, which has since been...

The economy of Kuwait has long been underpinned by the production and export of crude oil. Although the rise in energy prices in 2021-22 boosted government revenue and macroeconomic stability, the Covid-19 pandemic, which preceded the commodity price boom, underscored the risk of over-reliance on an industry subject to fluctuating global demand. This has created fresh impetus for economic diversification, with robust public finances providing a strong platform to...

Over the past five years Saudi Arabia has witnessed unprecedented legal, social and economic reforms. Such reforms extended to the public sector’s operating model, the economy and society as a whole, and the foundations have been laid for future success. There have been calls for legal and judicial reforms before, but now the Kingdom appears determined to heed those calls by...

In recent years Saudi Arabia has committed to a series of wide-ranging reforms that aim to diversify the economy; foster a more open and connected society; and establish a transparent, efficient and accountable government under the country’s Vision 2030 strategic framework. With those objectives in mind, there have been numerous legislative developments related to real estate...

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