Universities in emerging economies are playing a key role in the response to the coronavirus crisis through cutting-edge research and development (R&D) and pioneering approaches to learning.
Higher education institutions around the emerging world have adopted a range of different models in reaction to the pandemic. Some are working more closely with governmental bodies, while others are cultivating partnerships with the private sector; some are acting independently, while others are coordinating with other higher education institutions; and some are sharing their research and insights freely, while others are developing for-profit approaches in order to ensure the sustainability of initiatives.
However, within this diverse panorama it is possible to identify three main areas in which universities are making major strides. The first is medical R&D, including Covid-19 vaccines; the second is the development of digital solutions to address challenges in business and society; and the third is related to technology-led education.
Numerous universities in emerging markets have contributed to the fight against the pandemic by producing medical supplies, thereby helping to counteract shortfalls and reduce the dependence on imports.
In Morocco, for example, Rabat International University produced tens of thousands of masks to donate to hospitals. Meanwhile, in April a group of engineers from Mohammed VI Polytechnic University announced the development of two “100% Moroccan” devices: an artificial respirator and an infrared thermometer.
Similarly, in Vietnam, Hanoi University of Science and Technology created a coronavirus test kit in early February. Following this, the Military Medical University developed a test in collaboration with Viet A, a local tech firm, using funding from the Ministry of Science and Technology. The kit was approved by the World Health Organisation in April and is now being distributed around the world.
Another area where higher education institutions are at the forefront of medical R&D efforts is in the development of coronavirus vaccines. While the UK’s University of Oxford has been in the headlines for its work in this field, numerous institutions in emerging markets have also been making progress.
For instance, the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru’s leading medical university, is collaborating with Farvet, a local biopharmaceuticals firm, to develop a vaccine against the virus. The drug will go to testing in October, and it is hoped it will be ready by next year.
“We will not always be able to buy or import solutions,” Mirko Zimic, the biophysicist heading the project, told the journal Nature. “It is my dream that in Peru, as well as in several countries in Latin America, we start producing our own vaccines.”
In Mexico, meanwhile, four separate vaccines are being developed at four different universities – among them Mexico City’s Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México – with each one employing a different approach. The initiative is being coordinated by the Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Centre for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute). As in Peru, the emphasis is on meeting national demand.
On a similar note, the World Bank-supported African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, part of Redeemer’s University in Nigeria, produced Africa’s first sequencing of Covid-19 within days of the pandemic arriving in the country.
Whether or not such initiatives will enable countries to produce their own vaccines, they should have positive impacts on their respective research and production capacities going forward.
One of the principal effects of the worldwide coronavirus lockdown has been the migration of business and social activities and public services online. In response, universities have been developing digital solutions to help citizens adapt to Covid-19 in day-to-day life.
To take an example, the Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI), part of Hamad bin Khalifa University, has been working with the Ministry of Public Health in developing a series of new digital platforms.
In an effort to reduce pressure on the country’s health system, QCRI launched an online self-assessment application that educates users on the symptoms of Covid-19, and advises when to seek medical help.
Elsewhere, its "fake news" detection platform, known as Tanbih, is being deployed in the fight against virus-related disinformation, while its data-processing platform Rayyan helps health care experts and researchers process the huge amount of virus-related information that is emerging daily.
In South Africa, the University of Cape Town produced a tracking app – called Covi-ID – that is specifically tailored to local contexts. It produces a personalised QR code that enables users to be tracked and traced in the case of infection. This code may also be printed out by those without a smartphone or internet coverage.
Worldwide, lockdowns have led to the migration of teaching online. But this comes with its own set of challenges in emerging economies, foremost among them being limited internet access.
In Senegal, dominant ICT player Sonatel has moved to address this issue, giving students the chance to activate a free 1-GB education pass. The plan provides access to educational content via partners including the Virtual University of Senegal, the Virtual University of Tunisia and the National Centre for Distance Learning.
In response to the same problem, in Bahrain the telcos Bahrain Telecommunications Company and Zain Bahrain enabled eligible customers to browse designated educational websites without being charged or using their data.
But it is not just students who need to adapt. When it comes to remote learning, lecturers must do more than simply deliver course materials through video conferencing. The transition to virtual learning demands new approaches, with multimedia elements central to effective online study. Teachers often need to be reskilled, and the collaboration of students in instructional design is vital.
A regional pacesetter in this area is Bahrain, which has seen a widespread uptake of e-learning solutions. The bulk of this has been carried out through a dedicated electronic education portal, set up by the Ministry of Education and the Bahrain Information and eGovernment Authority, in conjunction with cloud computing platform Amazon Web Services.
"In higher education institutions in Peru, private schools and universities have been able to seamlessly transition to online learning,” Percy Marquina, director-general of CENTRUM PUCP Business School, told OBG. "However, the private education sector has been substantially affected financially by the economic downturn. As students' incomes fall away, they have less income with which to pay their tuition fees, and are demanding lower fees in line with new remote learning practices."
As the new academic year approaches, many universities will build on their recent experience of e-learning and turn to hybrid or ‘blended’ educational approaches that combine online study and face-to-face interaction. For instance, on July 21 Egypt’s Supreme Council of Universities announced that a hybrid education model along these lines would be implemented, with a view to minimising the density of students on campuses.
One blended solution that is gaining ground is that of the virtual laboratory. An example is the Remote and Virtual Education Laboratory at the University of Fort Hare in South Africa. Launched in October last year, the initiative lets students work remotely on coding and robotics, and collaborate with people in different countries.
The shift to remote and blended learning will have an impact that extends long after the pandemic. The emergence of educational technology will create access to lifelong learning opportunities, in response to the rapid obsoletion of existing skills. As such, this trend should help sustain employability.
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