Tunisia: Opening up agriculture
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In spite of continuing muted economic growth and lingering political uncertainty – a legacy of last year’s political upheaval that led to the ouster of then-President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali – both output and investment in Tunisia’s agriculture sector have increased modestly, although greater trade liberalisation would help spur improved efficiency in production.
Even during the political upheaval throughout 2011, the sector was able to attract TD476.8m (€236.04m) in investment, according to the Agricultural Investment Promotion Agency (Agence de Promotion des Investissements Agricoles, APIA).
Moreover, agricultural investments approved to April 2012 reached TD2.1m (€1.1m), an increase of 5.21% over the same period of 2011 and 1.23% over 2010, the agency said in June.
Sizable quantities of produce are also being exported from the fertile plains near the town of El Hamma to markets in Europe and a number of Gulf countries, such as Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Since the start of the 2012 agriculture season, some 14,000 tonnes of produce have been sold, a 17% rise over the same period in 2011, according to Tunis Afrique Presse.
This is good news for the agriculture sector, which is Tunisia’s single largest primary industry, representing around 14% of GDP, employing 20% of the total workforce and accounting for 14.3% of Tunisia’s total exports.
To help sustain the modest upward trend of recent months, the APIA is working to attract foreign investors into the sector and develop strategic partnerships with its neighbours in North Africa, as well as countries across the wider Middle East region.
Part of this comes from increased awareness and promotional activity. In October, for example, Tunisia will stage the International Exhibition for Agricultural Investment and Technology, and at the end of 2012, APIA will host to the annual meeting of the Arab Organisation for Investment & Agricultural Development.
However, more substantive efforts will need to be made to reduce inefficiencies and improve the attractiveness of Tunisia’s husbandry and cultivation sector. A number of domestic agricultural policy reforms are required to improve farming standards, price controls, tariffs, crop yields and overall efficiency, and generally undo the effects of previous state agricultural policies, a recent African Development Bank (AfDB) report titled “Distortions to Agricultural Policy Incentives in Tunisia: A Preliminary Analysis” stated.
The majority of Tunisia’s current policies are protectionist in nature, and there are a number of domestic price controls on staple products, such as cereals and milk, as well as input subsidies for chemical fertilisers and pesticides.
While efforts have been made to ease some of these agricultural support measures, in line with Tunisia’s international free trade commitments with the EU and the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the AfDB argues that the effect of these policies has led to distortions in production, particularly in terms of the allocation of resources to specific products.
Tariff barriers are preventing resources, such as water, labour and finance, from being deployed to other sectors where they might be used more effectively, the bank said. The study also found that the high level of protection meant the production of certain cereals and livestock for the domestic market was more profitable and as a result, farmers were less encouraged to take the risk of exploring international export markets.
The AfDB’s report recommended a number of reforms for the sector. Firstly, it said the Tunisian government must do more to attract private investment and improve access to credit for agribusinesses. State investment in rural infrastructure is also advised, specifically for the development of modernised operations, with particular focus on food processing and food marketing.
If enacted, these types of reforms should place the country on a more secure footing for the future and help to encourage foreign investment in the agricultural sector, although it appears likely that subsidies for certain products will remain in the short- and possibly medium-term.
Certainly, it would hardly be out of line with policies of other regional agricultural producers. The agricultural policies of developed countries, for example, particularly in the EU, means Tunisia continues to face competition from European food products sold at lower prices, thanks to European export subsidies.