The recent return to the bond market by Saudi Arabia marks a significant shift in government policy as the world's biggest oil exporter taps capital markets to cover budgetary shortfalls and balance drawdowns of foreign reserves.
The SR15bn ($4bn) issue in mid-July was the first sovereign bond offered by the Kingdom since 2007, with senior officials hinting at further forays into the market. The bonds – seven- and 10-year conventional issues with yields of 2.57% and 2.88%, respectively – were sold to quasi-sovereign Saudi institutions, according to press reports.
The bond issue coincides with the first projected budget deficit since 2009, prompted by weaker oil revenues and sustained outlays on capital works and investment programmes.
Earnings from crude exports could decline further, with shipments down 10% in May despite near-record production, according to official data released on July 20. Exports in May were the lowest in five months, averaging 6.94m barrels per day (bpd), down 800,000 bpd from the previous month.
Saudi Arabia hopes to close some of this gap by boosting sales of domestically refined oil products, notably diesel, with the country now tied with Royal Dutch Shell as the fourth-largest refiner in the world.
Ample oil revenues have traditionally financed state spending, with Saudi Arabia allocating SR4.4trn ($1.2trn) for development projects in the past five years alone – 30% of which went to capital works programmes, according to data from the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) in June.
While public spending accounted for 40% of GDP last year, totalling around SR1.1trn ($293.3bn), public debt levels eased to 1.6% of GDP and foreign reserves stood at 97% of GDP, putting the Kingdom in good stead to seek debt financing with its recent issue.
According to Fahad Al Mubarak, governor of SAMA, the bond will provide additional coverage for this year’s budget deficit, which he told local media on July 9 was expected to exceed the projected SR145bn ($38.7bn). A mix of foreign reserves and bond issues would be used to meet the shortfall, he explained, with SR244bn ($65.1bn) in reserves withdrawn year to date.
Though SAMA has not indicated a timeline for further issuances or how much it hopes to raise on the bond market, Fahad Alturki, chief economist at Jadwa Investment, told local media the country could be looking to borrow up to SR200bn ($53.3bn) this year.
Analysts see a number of positives in the policy shift towards higher debt levels, particularly given the Kingdom’s low debt exposure at present.
John Sfakianakis, Middle East director for fund manager Ashmore Group, said the initial step into the bond market, and the ones that are flagged to follow, would serve to broaden Saudi Arabia’s capital market, setting benchmarks for future issues and paving the way for the private sector to offer bonds of its own when looking to raise capital.
“In general, regulators want to encourage companies to issue bonds as alternatives to bank loans, which currently dominate corporate fundraising,” he told OBG. “This would spread corporate risk beyond the banking system, making the financial sector more healthy as a whole, while also providing channels for a growing investment industry.”
While the first bond offering was on a limited subscription to government and semi-government funds, it is likely further issues will target a broader market, providing Saudi banks with long-term investment outlets with solid returns.
Moreover, Saudi Arabia’s strong credit profile should allow it to raise debt fairly easily, according to a Jadwa Investment report from the first quarter. “The government is now expected to issue debt as part of its deficit financing strategy. This change of strategy comes as the Kingdom takes advantage of its solid credit profile, which has been affirmed by the major rating agencies,” the report noted.
Saudi Arabia has maintained its “AA-” credit rating from S&P amidst downgrades for other oil-producing nations, though its outlook was revised to stable in December and negative in February, with S&P citing the country’s dependence on oil revenues.
Efforts to diversify the economy and boost non-oil growth could help to assuage these concerns, as corporate debt issues fund private sector expansion. Jadwa Investment expects the broader economy to grow by 3.3% this year, with the non-oil private sector forecast to post a more robust performance, at 5%.
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