Panama: Refurbishing a growth engine
As one of the worldʼs most important logistics centres, Panama boasts several advantages over its regional peers in the competition to establish value-added manufacturing. Though other sectors such as tourism and finance continue to lead economic growth, specialised manufacturing niches focused on high valued-added products show potential for development.
The country boasts several advantages to increasing its domestic manufacturing capabilities. Firstly, Panamaʼs strong macroeconomic performance over the past five years has seen, according to World Bank figures, GDP growth among the worldʼs highest, averaging 8.1%, even amidst a weak exogenous environment.
Additionally, the country has a business friendly environment, with several economic free zones providing companies with numerous financial and tax-related incentives. Panama also possesses a strong infrastructure and logistics sector, which is set to expand from 2014 when a $5.25bn expansion project to the Panama Canal that will double its capacity is completed, thus ensuring cargo flows through the country continue rising.
Yet despite such strengths, Panamaʼs manufacturing sector has been stagnant over the past decade and the industry has seen its role in the national economy diminished. According to World Bank data, value-added manufacturing as a percentage of GDP has fallen consistently from its peak 15 years ago, halving from 13% in 1996 to just 6% in 2010. Moreover, growth in value-added manufacturing has remained stagnant at 0.9% from 2001 to 2010.
The Strategic Government Plan 2010-14, which outlines the administrationʼs broad economic agenda, seeks to capitalise on Panamaʼs advantages in financial services, tourism, logistics and agriculture, each of which has been highlighted as a “growth engine”. Indeed, each of these sectors has the potential to continue fuelling Panamaʼs surging economic growth. But while industrial development and manufacturing are not seen as fundamental components of Panamaʼs economic growth, it is still possible they will play a pivotal role in the future.
The Colón Free Zone (CFZ), for example, is the largest economic free zone in the Americas and offers companies tax-free importson goods destined for re-exportation. The CFZ, located where the Panama Canal flows into the Caribbean, is primarily used as a trans-shipment point for cargo. However, manufacturing and export-free zones may now be established anywhere in the country, opening up the CFZ to new investment.
There are several built-in benefits to setting up shop in free zones. According to Proinvex, Panamaʼs investment promotion agency, raw materials, semi-finished products, and the purchase and import of equipment and construction materials and any property or service required for operations will be exempt from taxes and Customs duties within the countryʼs free zones. Panamaʼs free zones also benefit from relaxed labour regulations and migratory incentives.
The countryʼs strength in logistics, its central location between North and South America, investor friendly regulations and its canal are all advantages that have not yet been fully capitalised upon in terms of developing a strong manufacturing sector, such as in the case of Mexico or Brazil.
However, such countries possess an advantage over Panama that tips the balance in their favour: efficiencies of scale. As a result, Panamaʼs $1.2bn manufacturing sector has found it difficult to compete in many areas of manufacturing, relying heavily on its value-added, agro-industrial business, which produces large quantities of dairy products. While it will be some time before Panama can compete in many areas of mass manufacturing, its strategic advantages could certainly be used to attract specialised manufacturing firms.
For example, the Panama Pacifico Special Economic Area and the City of Knowledge are two industrial parks established to act as innovation and entrepreneurial incubators for the production of goods and services with high added value. Large manufacturers such as 3M, Dell and Caterpillar have already established Latin American headquarters at Panama Pacifico. High-value manufacturing that requires sophisticated levels of infrastructure and technology is certainly one area Panama is seeking to develop. With this in mind, the government created industrial promotion certificates (CFI) that it grants to companies to incentivise industrial development. For the moment, though, CFIs are only “oriented towards the incorporation of high added- value technologies”.
Agro-industrial companies benefit from a reimbursement of 35% on tax payments made on research and development, utility investments, production-associated employment increases and human resource development, while other manufacturers receive a 25% reimbursement.
Despite Panamaʼs industrial development taking a back seat in the economy, with finance, tourism, logistics and agriculture being organised to drive the countryʼs economic growth, the amount of goods flowing through Panama and the countryʼs relaxed business environment still make it an alluring option for firms looking to enter or expand operations in Latin America.