Panama: Financing growth
With a banking system that has become one of the largest and most dynamic financial centres in Latin America, the Panamanian sector has received accolades in recent months, first from the World Economic Forum and then an international ratings agency.
Panama’s recent strong economic performance saw the country post average annual GDP growth of 7.7% from 2006 to 2010, according to World Bank data, despite the recent global financial crisis. With limited exposure to the financial instruments that devastated many banks around the world, the country’s international banking centre was left relatively unscathed and continued to expand.
The financial sector’s recent positive performance was reported in the Global Competiveness Report 2011-12 of the World Economic Forum (WEF), which lists Panama 3rd in “soundness of banks”, 16th with regard to “efficiency of financial markets” and 27th in “financial market development” out of 142 nations.
Furthermore, in November Standard & Poor’s (S&P) upgraded its Banking Industry Country Risk Assessment (BICRA) for Panama from group 6 to group 5, putting the country in the same category as China, Turkey and Colombia. The BICRA analysis is scored from 1-10, with a score of 1 representing the lowest-risk in a given banking sector.
S&P cited a “stable deposit base” and “adequate lending and underwriting standards” as reasons for the move, while noting that Panama still has some “regulatory issues” and needs to improve its institutional framework despite signing several agreements with the OECD regarding the provision of bank information.
Alberto Diamond, the current superintendent of the Superintendent of Banking (SBP), which regulates the country’s banks, attributes the sector’s recent success to “conservative banking standards”, citing the 65.7% asset liquidity of Panamanian banks in 2010.
Through October 2011 the SBP reported in its executive summary total assets in the banking sector of $79.5bn, an annual increase of 12% on the same 10 months in 2010. Additionally, cumulative net profit within the banking sector totalled $1.08bn, $163m higher than that reported in October 2010, representing a return on assets of 1.78% and a return on equity of 15.1%.
The domestic loan portfolio reached nearly $28bn in October, an increase of 16.7% on the same period in 2010, demonstrating the banking sector’s liquidity and propensity to lend amidst a period of strong economic growth for Panama. Moreover, the sector reported a past due loans versus total loans ratio of just 0.8%, a figure indicative of the quality of the banking system’s loan portfolio. Indeed, the sector’s ability and willingness to stimulate investment will be a necessary ingredient in the sustained economic growth of the country.
Panama is home to 93 licensed banks, which are regulated by the SBP due to the fact that Panama lacks a central bank. As such, the domestic payment system is located in the Banco Nacional de Panama and in effect there is no lender of last resort in the financial system. For this reason the Panamanian currency, known as the balboa, is pegged to the US dollar.
The regulation of the Panamanian banking industry was vastly altered in 1998, giving full financial and administrative autonomy to the SBP through Decree Law 9. A decade later the regulatory powers of the SBP were further enhanced through Decree Law 2, which was enacted in August of 2008.
The regulations give the SBP the power to supervise the activities of not only banks, but also their holding corporations, as well as non-financial corporations “that could entail risk” to the banking sector. The new law also attempted to help rectify the lack of a federal deposit insurance programme by prioritising the reimbursement of small depositors over larger ones in the case of bank failure.
Panamanian financial law affords foreigners the same rights as local investors, and since taxes are applied only to economic activity within the country, Panama has developed into an attractive “offshore” financial haven for investors and corporations around the world. Unfortunately, it has also attracted the money-laundering risks that come with its tax-free regulations and proximity to Latin American drug cartels.
For these reasons the Panamanian government has adopted several international conventions including the UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime and International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism Financing. Furthermore, the Panamanian government recently has adopted two anti-money laundering laws. Law 2 from February of 2011 strictly defines the procedure banks must adhere to when dealing with customers in terms of identity recognition, while Law 34 of July 2010 is an amendment to Law 23 of 1986 establishing an early ruling process on the legal situation of seized goods.
Panama’s vigilance and cooperation in halting money laundering operations for drug and terrorist organisations will be vital to maintaining a sound reputation. Although the country’s international financial centre still has work to do in improving its monitoring of illicit activities, thus far the banking industry has been a driving force in the country’s economic development. With Panama’s economic growth anticipated to continue relatively unabated in the next few years, the banking system is likely to do the same.