Pressure is mounting on Malaysia’s central bank to tighten loan restrictions after its annual report showed household debt levels inching towards 87% of GDP at the end of 2013. With the highest household debt levels in Asia, demand for credit is driven primarily by the desire to buy properties and vehicles.
Keen to allay growing concerns, the central bank recently highlighted Malaysia’s strong fundamentals, while also pointing to measures introduced last year which, it said, had improved lending practices. Senior analysts have given Malaysia’s economy a vote of confidence, although concern is growing that a future talent shortage could weigh on the bank’s financial projections.
Household debt levels hit 86.8% of GDP at the end of December 2013, marking a record high, but signalling slower growth.
Bank Negara Malaysia governor, Zeti Akhtar Aziz, voiced her confidence that efforts to tighten up lending were producing results. “Household loans from the banking system continued to improve in quality across all loan segments, with delinquencies remaining low and continuing to trend downwards. … This has been supported by sustained improvements in the lending and risk management practices of banks,” she said at a press briefing.
The central bank limited the tenure of personal loans to a maximum of ten years last July, while also banning pre-approved personal financing products. Later in 2013, the government announced plans to bring an end to the practice of developers absorbing interest payments on loans. It also raised capital gains tax to 30% on homes sold within five years in a bid to rein in speculation.
Despite the bank’s efforts, Standard & Poor’s cut its credit outlook for four Malaysian lenders in November, citing concerns that rising home prices and household debt were contributing to economic imbalances.
“The negative outlook recognises the potential for deterioration in the banks’ asset quality and financial profile, if the consumer debt burden proves excessive in an unfavourable economic scenario,” S&P analysts Ivan Tan and Deepali V. Seth wrote in a report.
Official data from the Malaysia Department of Insolvency issued in the same month showed that 60 people, aged between 35 and 44, were being declared bankrupt each day.
Yet several financial experts remain optimistic about the Malaysian economy’s potential. “If you look at the demographics of the country, we have a young working population and with urbanisation, it is supporting spending,” Alan Tan, chief economist at Affin Investment Bank told The Malay Mail Online in late March.
His sentiments were echoed on the same day by the World Bank senior economist for Malaysia, Frederico Gil Sander. “As long as household income is growing, as long as there is growth in the economy, and people can service their debt, it’s not necessarily... a bad thing,” he commented.
Projections made by market analysis firms support their views. RHB Research said in March that Malaysia’s GDP looked likely to grow at 5.4% in 2014.
Kuala Lumpur has set a target of achieving a per capita income of $15,000 by 2020, up from its 2013 level of $10,500, as part of its Economic Transformation Programme. Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Raza said in early January that the government was looking to create more than 3m job opportunities by the same year, in line with its target of achieving high-income, developed nation status.
Critics, however, warn that positive income and job creation predictions depend heavily on having the people in place to fill those roles. Malaysian students ranked 52nd out of 65 countries featured in the PISA 2012 survey of world student performance, released in December.
Writing in the FTAdviser on March 24, two professors from the University of Nottingham – Malaysia Campus, Christine Ennew and Nafis Alam, said that the effectiveness of any international financial centre was underpinned by the quality of its people. “Poor scores in international student assessments and declining English-language capabilities do not augur well,” they said. “In short, Malaysia has a people problem.”
While managing risk and improving lending practices will help ease fears about the debt situation, bringing through the next generation of achievers and creating roles for them is likely to be equally important in steering Malaysia towards its longer-term economic targets.
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