The government in Panama continues to invest public funds in an ongoing overhaul of national infrastructure, from mega-projects like the $5.25bn Panama Canal expansion and the $1.88bn Panama City Metro, to upgrades for national roads, airports and ports. While this has meant an uptick in debt levels, such investments have played an important role in boosting the economy.
After consecutive years of double-digit growth, Panama’s red-hot economy is finally showing signs of cooling down to more sustainable single-digit levels. Driven by the government’s continued willingness to get out the cheque book, GDP rose by 10.6% and 10.7% in 2011 and 2012, respectively, while first quarter 2013 results showed a year-on-year increase of 7%.
The recent spate of public sector investment was a sharp change of tack from the early years of the new millennium. From 2001 to 2006 non-financial public sector (NFPS) and central government (CG) investments each averaged below $500m annually, according to data from the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF). However, since 2007 these figures have been climbing steadily; by the end of 2012, NFPS and CG investment each exceeded $3bn per year.
The national budget, meanwhile, has also been running a deficit, with negative balances in 2009 (1% of GDP, $252.4m), 2010 (1.9%, $507m), 2011 (2.2%, $702.8m) and 2012 (2.1%, $765.5m), MEF data show. The government’s 2013 budget deficit is predicted to be its largest yet, forecast by the MEF at 2.8% of GDP.
Despite the increase in government spending, the debt-to-GDP ratio has steadily declined over the last decade, falling from 70.4% in 2004 to 39.5% in 2012. The sharpest reduction occurred between 2004 and 2008, when the ratio hit 45.4%, but it has nonetheless continued to come down, albeit at a more modest rate, even as the government has shifted its focus from debt servicing to public investment. Moreover, a 39.5% debt-to-GDP ratio is significantly healthier than those found in many more developed markets of Europe and North America.
Looking ahead, the MEF sees debt falling to 31% of GDP by 2018, even though in nominal terms the amount is projected to continue increasing, reaching $20.4bn by 2018, up from $14.3bn at the end of 2012.
The economy is expected to slow following the completion of the canal expansion in 2014, with the National Competitiveness Council forecasting growth of 7% to 9% from 2013 to 2015 and 6% to 8% from 2015 to 2017. Meanwhile, revenues from the canal are set to increase, perhaps more than doubling current figures.
According to Daniel Muschett Ibarra, executive manager of resource planning for the Panama Canal Expansion Programme, annual earnings could exceed $6bn per year during the first 11 years of operation, roughly equivalent to 16.5% of GDP in 2012, or more than a third of national debt. Such a boost to the government’s revenues would allow it to continue its public investment plans while simultaneously reducing national debt.